Biomedical Engineering Reference
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place in industrial synthetic chemistry. For instance, optically active
carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketons, diols, halo, amino derivatives, epoxides and other
compounds are important in in the production of grugs, pesticides, fungicides,
herbicides, flavors, etc. Fig. 5.3 illustrates the advantages of biocatalitic synthesis of
carbonyl compounds.
Recently a number of enzymatic systems have been developed at several chemical
companies including lipases (synthesis of enantiotrope alcohols, R-amid, S-amin),
nitrilases (R-mandelic acid), amidases (non-proteinogenic L-amino acids), aspartic acid
ammonia lyase (L-aspartic acid), penicilin acylase (6-Aminopenicilanic acid), acylases
(semisynthetic penicillins), etc.( Koeller and Wong, 2001; and references therin).
The following new trends in enzymatic synthesis can be delineated: the development
of new enzymatic reactions; enzyme immobilization and stabilization; the use of organic
solvents and two phase systems; site-directed mutagenesis; chemical modification of
enzymes; antibody catalysis; catalysis by RNA and DNA;
de novo
design of biocatalists;
employment of recombinant DNA for production of enzymes; and use computational
and combinatorial methods
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