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a
b
Fig. 5.4 Temperature stratification of run (a) without OWF (REFr) and (b) run with operating
wind turbines (OWFr) along the cross section from S to N through the OWF after 24-h simulation
with operating wind turbines. Values are given in C. Operating OWF induces excursion of
thermocline of about 10 m. That distortion is drawn through all layers. Thermocline is defined
in 12-m depths
0.04 kg/m 3 and denser with around 0.05 kg/m 3 in the upwelling zone. Extreme
changes are located around 12 m where the thermocline was set at the beginning,
but still the whole ocean depth from surface to bottom is affected. In the vertical, the
dependence on vertical motion is obvious because hydrographic changes occur in
the region of up- and downwelling cells. Although along x -section from west to east
vertical motion shows a more turbulent structure with several cells of opposite
velocity directions, the change in the hydrographic fields are more homogeneous
due to stronger vertical motion in the cross section from south to north.
Summarizing, an operating OWF induces a new oceanic dynamic around the
OWF district. The important effect is the generation of up- and downwelling cells
connected with changed hydrographic conditions, especially at the thermocline,
compared to reference run. Operating OWF induces an excursion of thermocline of
about 10 m (Fig. 5.4 ). This distortion affects all layers but weakens with depth
having an exclusion of 4 m in 54-m depth.
The presented phenomenon of OWF on the ocean forms the subject of further
examination in this study. Questions of analysis are the following: what exactly
drive vertical motion, which processes control hydrographic conditions, how dura-
ble are those up- and downwelling cells, what magnitude is expected, and what
conditions occur in reality?
5.1.2 Temporal Analysis of OWF Effect on the Ocean
So far, the theoretical effect of the OWF on the ocean after 24 h is investigated.
With the help of temporal analysis, the first principle of the physics describing the
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