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a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Fig. 6.11 Change in velocity component
v
at surface due to OWFs in case of different wind
direction cases (gwind direction (a)-(h) from N to NW) after 1 day of simulation. The wind
direction is defined at height of geostrophic wind. Units given in m/s.
Dark gray shaded area
marks land;
black lines
illustrate OWF districts. Results are for full forcing
wake is stronger dominated by the
u
-component respectively by the
v
-component.
At surface the changes are in order of
0.10 m/s, which means an increase/
decrease of 20 % compared to the reference run with average horizontal velocities
at surface of 0.5 m/s.
The effect in temperature and salinity fields
due to the OWFs in scenario
B1-2030much
is depicted in Figs.
6.12
,
6.13
and
6.14
at surface and in Figs.
6.13
and
6.15
at 12.5-m depths. The figures show the results for the ocean simulations
with forcing neglecting full meteorological forcing and clarifying hydrographic
changes due to dynamical changes.
The OWF effect on temperature
is scattered over the areas of the OWF induced
vertical motion. In case of upwelling/downwelling, a decrease/increase of the
temperature is registered. In 12.5-m depth, the cooling within the OWF area
dominates the warming by an averaged 0.36
C over all wind direction cases,
Fig.
6.12
. The strongest cooling is given in the case of wind direction S with
0.42
C. On average, the warming counts 0.30
C, with a maximal temperature
increase in the case of wind direction N with 0.41
C. While in the depth changes in
the temperature are in coherence with the vertical motion, at sea surface the SST
leads more to a warming than to a cooling. Here, the warming of maximal 0.24
C
temperature (in case of West wind) is an effect due to the velocity wake, which
shifts the temperature front. That effect is pointed out in Fig.
6.16
, which exem-
plifies wind direction N. SSTs are shown for reference run REFr and run with
operating wind turbines OWFr separated for simulation with wind and pressure
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