Biology Reference
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58
Condorcet, Sketch , 17-18 .
59
Condorcet, Sketch , 17-18 .
60
Karl Marx, Early Writings , trans. T. B. Bottomore (London: Watts, 1963), 43.
61
Condorcet, Sketch , 22.
62
Condorcet, Sketch , 44-45.
63
The classicist Louis Dyer tells us that the relation of politics to religion in
Athens was “ritualistic rather than ethical” and that Anytus and Meletus,
Socrates' accusers, were motivated by personal grudges. Louis Dyer, introduc-
tion to Apology of Socrates and Crito, with Extracts from the Phaedo and Symposium
and from Xenophon's Memorabilia , ed. Louis Dyer (Boston: Ginn, 1908), 15,
23-24. Dyer also notes that Greek religion had no “dogmatic theology” and
raised no questions of “orthodoxy or heterodoxy,” such as Condorcet here
alleges. Dyer, Apology , 15. See also Jan N. Bremmer, Greek Religion (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1994), 1-10; and John M. Wickersham and Dora
C. Pozzi, introduction to The Myth and the Polis , ed. Dora Pozzi and John M.
Wickersham (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991), 1-15.
64
Condorcet, Sketch , 179.
65
Condorcet, Sketch , 147.
66
Ben-David, Scientist's Role , 89-94, 102, 126-29.
67
Ben-David, Scientist's Role , 100-102.
Chapter 5
Epigraph: Marie-Joseph Chénier, quoted in Becker, Heavenly City , 156-57; Œuvre de
M. J. Chénier (Paris: Guillaume, 1824) 3:377.
1
Iain McLean and Fiona Hewitt, trans. and eds., Condorcet: Foundations of
Social Choice and Political Theory (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1994), 17-31.
2
Eric Voegelin, From Enlightenment to Revolution , ed. John H. Hallowell (Dur-
ham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1975), 10.
3
Reinhold Niebuhr, Faith and History: A Comparison of Christian and Modern
Views of History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1949), 6.
4
Collingwood, Idea of History , 129.
5
Collingwood, Idea of History , 129.
6
Frank E. Manuel, The New World of Henri Saint-Simon (Cambridge, Mass.: Har-
vard University Press, 1956), 117.
7
Émile Durkheim, Socialism and Saint-Simon , ed. Alvin Gouldner, trans. Char-
lotte Sattler (Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch, 1958).
8
Claude Henri de Saint-Simon, Introduction aux travaux scientifiques , in Πuvres
Choisies (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1973), 1:109.
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