Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
ExConf
(
M
r
,
r
)
SatRate
(
M
r
,
r
)
=
λ
i
=
1
C
i
,
(9.7)
where
n
is the number of meta-actions used, and 0
<λ
≤
1 is a cost coefficient
chosen by decision makers.
9.6 Side Effects
The main goal of meta-actions is to trigger action rules. However, it is often the case
that when applying meta-actions for the purpose of executing a specific action rule, a
set of unrelated additional and potentially harmful atomic action terms are triggered.
The additional action terms resulting from the meta-action application are called
side effects. Meta-actions might move some object features values from negative to
positive values
f
(
)
∈
E
n
(
)
(
)
∈
E
p
(
)
(desirable positive side effects),
and some object features values from positive to negative values
f
x
x
and
f
y
y
(
x
)
∈
E
p
(
x
)
and
f
(undesirable negative side effects). Even though the features
transitioning from positive to negative values might result in catastrophic situations,
they were not fully investigated in previous work involving action rules discovery.
In the following, we depict two types of side effects and we give a brief description
for each type.
(
y
)
∈
E
n
(
y
)
9.6.1 Meta-actions Side Effects
Side effects in the context of meta-actions are the effects that occur for specific
small clusters of objects. This type of side effects is discovered in the meta-action
extraction process. It is represented by the action terms, extracted in the meta-action
extraction process, with very low or unusual likelihood of occurrence. In fact, this
type of transition is very rare in our dataset, and was extracted from a very small
number of objects. We can think of this type of effect as minor effects of a meta-
action, that does not represent the core goal or trigger of this meta-action. Detecting
this type of side effects is done by setting a minimum likelihood for the action terms,
or setting a minimum jump in the likelihood between the action terms.
9.6.2 Action Rules Side Effects
Side effects in the context of action rules are the unintended changes in some flexible
features values that meta-actions trigger on objects. In other words, those effects
are triggered by meta-actions but are outside of the intended action rule scope. To
discover those side effects, we can perform two set operations. We first start by
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