Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
angiography. The extra imaging time allowed coronary artery imaging with in-
creased spatial resolution [29].
3.4.30 3D Real-Time Navigator Magnetic Resonance
(MR) Coronary Angiography
3D real-time navigator magnetic resonance (MR) coronary angiographic exam-
ination was reported for detection of significant coronary artery stenoses, with
conventional coronary angiography as the standard of reference immediately be-
fore catheterization. It quantified coronary artery visualization, and evaluated
the presence of significant narrowing or stenoses. Receiver operating character-
istic (ROC) analysis signified that large portions of the coronary arteries could
be visualized with MR coronary angiography. Imaging results were not consis-
tently reliable, however, the examination was premature for routine clinical
assessment of significant coronary artery stenosis owing to low sensitivity and
large observer variability [30].
3.4.31 Free-breathing three-dimensional (3D) coronary
magnetic resonance (MR) angiography
This method was reported to determine the anatomy of anomalous coronary
arteries, in particular the relationship of the vessels to the aortic root. Multiple
3D volume slabs were acquired at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva by us-
ing diaphragmatic navigators for respiratory artifact suppression. The proximal
anatomy of the coronary arteries was determined. Free-breathing 3D coronary
MR angiography could be used to identify the proximal anatomy of anomalous
coronary arteries [31].
3.4.32 BACSPIN (Breathing AutoCorrection with SPiral
INterleaves) Coronary MRA Technique
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of breath independent coronary magnetic resonance
angiography (CMRA) was improved without increasing the number or duration
of breath holds. In this BACSPIN technique, a single breath-held electrocardio-
gram (ECG)-gated multi-slice interleaved-spiral data set was acquired, followed
