Biomedical Engineering Reference
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supported by the improved vessel-to-background contrast and contrast-to-noise
ratios. The major limitation of this new technique was a low spatial resolution at
the used time resolution that could be improved by further sequence modifica-
tions. Contrast-enhanced MRA is still an important additional imaging technique
for treatment planning and follow-up of AVMs.
3.4.24 Quadruple Contrast Enhancement with
MRA and MR Spectroscopic Imaging
This approach minimized the false tissue classifications by: (1) improving the
lesion-to-tissue contrast on MR images by developing a fast imaging pulse
sequence that incorporated both cerebrospinal fluid signal attenuation and
magnetization transfer contrast (see Fig. 3.33); and (2) including information
from MR flow images [24]. In pathologically defined abnormalities in the corti-
cal gray matter (GM) and normal volunteers, high resolution MRI and short echo
Figure 3.33: An approach is represented to improve the multiple sclerosis
lesion-to-tissue contrast using MRA images by a fast imaging pulse sequence
incorporating both cerebrospinal fluid signal and flow attenuation with magne-
tization transfer contrast. The technique suppressed gray matter or white matter
and highlighted the lesion-to-tissue contrast.
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