Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
accounting for 7.7 %; eleven had mild eutrophication, accounting for 42.3 %, and the
others experienced mesotrophic eutrophication, accounting for 46.2 %.
6.5
Solid Waste Disposal During the 11th Five-Year Plan
6.5.1 Comprehensive Utilization Ratio of Industrial Solid Wastes
Increased
Figure
6.3
shows that due to the rapid development of the economy, the total
amount of industrial waste has been mounting. Meanwhile, both the utilized
volume and treated volume grew rapidly, while stored volume and discharged
volume declined. In general, the utilization ratio of industrial solid wastes further
increased from 56.1 % in 2005 to % in 2010.
At present, bulk solid wastes—except tailings, phosphogypsum and de-
sulfurized gypsum—have a low rate of utilization. The general protocol for other
wastes has basically been changed from an approach centered on storage to one that
emphasizes utilization of waste. For instance, 25 % of Chinese cement stone in
2009 came from bulk solid wastes. Recycled wall materials accounted for 50 % of
production, and the total amount of complex utilized solid wastes was more than
2 million tons, which reduced land utilization by 300,000 acres [
11
].
6.5.2 “Reduction, Reclamation, Hazard-Free Treatment”
in Municipal Solid Waste Disposal
In the mid-1980s, China's leaders proposed that urban areas dispose of their solid
waste in a manner following the slogan: “Reduction, Reclamation and Hazard-free
Treatment”. “Hazard-free” means using engineering processes to ensure no damage
to human health or environmental pollution from treated waste; “Reduction” means
reducing the quantity and volume of wastes through appropriate means; “Reclama-
tion” means taking measures to recycle useful resources and energy.
According to statistics, the quantity of domestic waste is around 1.8 billion tons
at present. About 90 % is put in landfills, while 7 % is incinerated and the rest
composted. In 1,636 county seats nationwide, the level of waste is 50 million tons.
Of more than 650 cities surveyed nationwide, 325 have not built facilities for waste
disposal. Much of the waste is just piled up. However, progress is being made. The
average hazard-free waste treatment capacity of our cities in 1980 was only 2,107 t
everyday, but the capacity had grown to 355,000 t by 2009, and the ratio of hazard-
free waste to total waste grew to more than 70 % [
12
].
As of the end of June 2010, there were a total of 974 waste disposal facilities
across the country. Of these facilities, 816 are hazard-free facilities, while 64 are
landfill gas utilization projects. Most landfill spaces do collection, emission and
disposal of landfill gas, and the volume of utilized landfill gas is set to improve,
tremendously reducing its greenhouse effect [
13
].
