Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Pyrethroids (allethrin, cypermethrin,
prallethrin, tetramethrin, transfluthrin,
imiprothrin)
River water
Ultrasound-assisted dispersive
liquid-liquid microextraction
combined with liquid
chromatography-UV detector
Low sample volume and low
volume of solvent required (20
[71]
μ
l)
Carbaryl and 1-naphthol
Water
Anionic surfactant micelle-
mediated extraction with sodium
dodecylsulfate and fluorescence
spectrophotometry
Low volume of less toxic organic
solvents
[72]
Estrogens (estriol, estradiol, estrone,
progesterone)
Water and
Wastewater
Cloud-point extraction and high
performance liquid
chromatography separation with
ultraviolet detection
No organic solvent is necessary
[73]
24 priority substances from the European
Framework Directive (alachlor, anthracene,
atrazine, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo
[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[k]fluoranthene,
bezo[a]pyrene, chlorfenvinphos,
chlorpyriphos,
Estuarine and
seawater
Stir-bar sorptive extraction
followed by thermal desorption
using capillary gas
chromatography-mass
spectrometry
No organic solvent is needed
[74]
-endosulfan, fluoranthene,
hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene,
α
α
-hexachlorocyclohexane,
β
-hexachlorocyclohexane,
δ
-hexachlorocyclohexane, indenol
[1,2,3-cd]pirene, lindane, naphthalene,
pentachlorobenzene, 4-[para]-
nonylphenol, para-tert-octylphenol,
simazine, trifluralin)
Organophosphate and pyrethroid
pesticides (
Water
SDME/gas chromatography with
flame ionization detection GC-FID
Requirement of only small
volumes of both organic solvent
(1
[75]
-cyhalothrin, methyl parathion,
permethrin, ethion)
λ
μ
l) and sample
Endocrine-disrupting phenols (bisphenol-A,
4-cumylphenol, 4-tertbutylphenol,
4-Octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol)
Seawater
Dispersive liquid-liquid
microextraction and single-drop
microextraction in combination
with high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) with UV
detection
Low sample volume (5 ml) and
only 20
[76]
μ
l of organic solvent
Acidic pharmaceuticals (salicylic acid,
ibuprofen, diclofenac)
wastewater
Hollow fiber-based liquid-phase
microextraction followed by a
HPLC/MS-MS
Very low (several
l) organic
solvent consumption
μ
[77]
