Environmental Analysis - Green Analytical Chemistry - page 469

Table 22.2 Some green analytical methods for determining trace elements in natural waters, wastes and

effluents.

Analytes Samples Analytical system Green aspects Reference

Fe Waters Flow system with

spectrophotometric
detection

Use of Guava extract as
colorimetric reagent
and generating less
toxic chemical wastes

[43]

Fe Fresh waters from

lake, river or weirs

Flow system with
spectrophotometric
detection

Immobilized reagent in
a solid-phase allow
reuse it several times,
low reagent consume
and reduced effluent
generation

[44]

Cu (II) Wastewater from

electroplating
industry

Micro flow system
consisted of a planar
glass chip with fiber
optic probe as optical
sensor

System with less
reagents and samples
consumption and
diminutive waste
generation

[45]

As (III) River and lake waters Cloud-point

extraction/
preconcentration
with GFAAS
detection

Use of surfactant
solution to avoid
organic solvent

[46]

Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni
and Pb

Saline effluents Cloud-point

extraction/
preconcentration
with ICP OES
detection

Use of surfactant
solution to avoid
organic solvent and
sample economy by
simultaneous detection

[47]

Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn River, sea and tap

waters

Cloud-point
extraction/
preconcentration
with FAAS detection

Use of surfactant
solution to avoid
organic solvent

[48]

Cr (III) and Cr (VI) Sea water Cloud-point

extraction/
preconcentration
with FAAS detection

Use of surfactant
solution to avoid
organic solvent

[49]

Zn (II) Tap water Flow system with on

line solid-phase
extraction
preconcentration
coupled with ICP
OES

Economy of chemicals
using flow analysis and
reduced effluent
generation

[50]

Hg (II) Tap, well and mineral

waters

Flow system with on
line solid-phase
extraction
preconcentration
coupled with ICP
OES

Economy of chemicals
using flow analysis and
reduced effluent
generation

[51]

( continued )