Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
similar to SIA, multicommuted systems use significantly lower volumes of sample and reagents than those
required in classical FIA [76, 77, 87]. However, other analytical figures of merit (e.g., sampling rate and
sensitivity) could be better than those of the SIA system [77, 87, 99].
16.6
Conclusions and remarks
The use of GAC methods has proved to be a smart strategy to provide both environmental and economic
benefits, so we would like to propose for these methods the term 'Sustainable Analytical Procedures' (SAPs).
The progress of flow methodologies has contributed to GAC, but we are convinced that their potential has not
yet been exploited fully. Diversity of flow manipulation combined with the possibilities in detection systems
have evolved extraordinarily in diversity and size. Therefore, the combination of flow handling techniques
and detection systems has led to a countless number of possibilities.
Flow systems have been developed for nearly all types of samples ranging from pharmaceutical
preparations to complex solid samples such as soil and food. Multipumping flow systems have proved to be
a cost-effective, valuable alternative to fully automated analytical methods for pharmaceutical, food,
environmental, agro-industrial and large-scale routine clinical analysis. Moreover, they are fast, precise and
accurate, and require less operator intervention or maintenance than classical FIA. Miniaturization is one
way to avoid side effects of analytical methods, and has been the subject of a significant number of research
efforts. In this respect, combination of modern analytical techniques with breakthroughs in microelectronics
and miniaturization allows development of powerful analytical devices for effective control of processes and
pollution. Combining miniaturization in analytical systems with advances in chemometrics is very important.
Of course, development and improvement of new components for instrumentation is critical in GAC. Using
examples, we have illustrated the power and the versatility of modern analytical systems and their potential
for minimizing the consumption of hazardous substances and the amounts of waste generated during assays.
References
[1] Tobiszewski, M.; Mechlinska, A.; Zygmunt, B. and Namiesnik, J. (2009) Green Analytical Chemistry in sample
preparation for determination of trace organic pollutants,
TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem
.,
28
, 943-951.
[2] Anastas, P.T. (1999) Green Chemistry and the role of analytical methodology development,
Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem
.,
29
, 167-175.
[3] Armenta, S.; Garrigues, S. and de la Guardia, M. (2008) Green Analytical Chemistry,
TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem
.,
27
,
497-511.
[4] Wardencki, W.; Curylo, J. and Namiesnik, J. (2007) Trends in solventless sample preparation techniques for
environmental analysis,
J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth
.,
70
, 275-288.
[5] Stockwell, P.B. (1990) The role of flow injection analysis within the framework of an automated laboratory,
J.
Autom. Chem
.,
12
, 95-103.
[6] Rodenas-Torralba, E.; Morales-Rubio, A. and de la Guardia, M. (2006) Scientometric picture of the evolution of
the literature of automation in spectroscopy and its current state,
Spectrosc. Lett
.,
39
, 513-532.
[7] Ruzicka, J. and Hansen, E.H. (1975) Flow injection analysis. Part I. A new concept of fast continuous flow analysis,
Anal. Chim. Acta
,
78
, 145-157.
[8] Hansen, H. and Wang, J. (2005) The three generations of flow injection analysis,
Anal. Lett
.,
37
, 345-359.
[9] Ruzicka, J. and Marshall, G.D. (1990) Sequential injection: a new concept for chemical sensors, process analysis
and laboratory assays,
Anal. Chim. Acta
,
237
, 329-343.
[10] Ruzicka, J. (2000) Lab-on-valve: universal microflow analyzer based on sequential and bead injection,
Analyst
,
125
, 1053-1060.
