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critical role as a front end. In this section, related work to grid accounting
is selectively reviewed, and the requirements specii cation for grid portal
serving as a frond-end of grid accounting system has been identii ed.
11. 2 . 3.1
Related Work to Grid Accounting
11.2.3.1.1 Usage Record and Resource Usage Service
The Open Grid Service Architecture (OGSA) compatible Resource Usage
Service (RUS) was proposed by the Open Grid Forum (OGF) to enable
the recording and retrieval of consumed resource information [19]. The
RUS has dei ned two primary functions: the upload of resource usage
information, and the extraction of resource usage data from the service.
The Usage Record (UR) XML schema has been employed in RUS, which
provides a common format for exchanging basic accounting and usage
data over the grid. UR contains usage information that could potentially
be collected at grid sites, such as CPU-time, memory, and network usage.
The UR and RUS were mainly dei ned to support the Grid Economic
Services Architecture (GESA) [20], which outlines service interfaces for
enabling charging of grid services in OGSA.
11.2.3.1.2 Distributed Grid Accounting System
The Distributed Grid Accounting System (DGAS) is a grid accounting
effort [22] that is now maintained and re-engineered within the EU-funded
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE) project [22]. The system can be
divided into three layers: (1) resource usage metering, (2) accounting, and
(3) account balancing (through resource pricing) in a fully distributed grid
environment. The usage metering is done by lightweight sensors (i.e.,
DGAS Gianduia) installed on the computing elements by parsing PBS/
LSF/Torque event logs to build a UR that can be passed to the accounting
layer. The data collected are associated with user ID, resource ID, and job
ID. The DGAS accounting layer provides home location registers (HLRs)
that manage both user and resource accounts. Each HLR keeps the record
of all grid jobs submitted or executed by each of its registered users or
resources. The accounting balancing exchanges virtual credits between
the user HLR and the resource HLR, and the resource pricing is done by
dedicated Price Authorities (PAs) that may use different pricing algo-
rithms such as manual setting of i xed prices or dynamic determination of
prices according to the state of a resource.
11.2.3.1.3 Grid Bank
The Grid Bank [23] is another grid accounting effort. It presents a series
of grid components that enable global computational economy in the
context of the grid banking and accounting service. The workl ow of
components interaction can be briel y described as follows: (1) the Grid
 
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