Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1. Status of natural enemies introduced for biological control of
Chromolaena odorata
Country/territory
Pareuchaetes
Cecidochares
Actinote
Acalitus
pseudoinsulata
connexa
spp
adoratus
Guam
E
E
E
Rota
E
E
E
Saipan
E
E
E
Palau
*
E
E
Pohnpei
E
E
E
Chuuk
E
E
E
Ya p
E
-
E
Kosrae
E
-
E
Indonesia
E
E
E
E
PNG
E
E
E
Philippines
E
Q
E
China
-
-
Q
?
Taiwan
Q
Q
E
Malaysia
E
-
E
Thailand
NE
NE
E
India
E
Q
E
Sri Lanka
E
-
?
Ghana
E
-
-
Ivory Coast
NE
-
-
South Africa
NE
NE
-
Q: In quarantine; E: Established; NE: Not established; *Currently released
successful [16, 17, 58]. South Africa has initiated a biocontrol program for its
biotype of chromolaena by exploring the natural enemies in the neotropics.
Since implementing this program in 1988, several natural enemies have been
imported screened and released [16, 56, 58]. Recent research seems to point
out that the South African biotype originated from the northern Caribbean
region [59].
Eradication
When an infestation of chromolaena was observed in north Queensland,
Australia in 1994, an eradication program was initiated. It involved quarantin-
ing the area and treating infested areas with herbicides, hand pulling and fire
[60]. Recently a new infestation near Townsville, northern Queensland was
found (Rachel McFadyen, personal communication).
International workshops
The successful establishment of
P. pseudoinsulata
in the Mariana Islands in
the mid 1980s provided the initiative to organize International Workshops on
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