Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 8.1
The three types of
intra-familial
conflict discussed
in this chapter.
Male and female
parents are in
conflict over who
should invest and
how much.
Siblings compete
over the
investment from
parents. Offspring
have different
interests from their
parents over supply
and demand of
investment. From
Parker
et al
.
(2002).
sexual conflict
female
parent
male
parent
parent-offspring
conflict
offspring 1
offspring 2
sibling conflict
Taxon
Parental care
References
Table 8.1
Sex
roles in parental
care (Kokko &
Jennions, 2008)
Invertebrates
Uncommon, but when it occurs mainly
female only. Biparental care uncommon.
Male-only care rarer.
Zeh & Smith (1985);
Tallamy (2000).
Fish
Ratio of genera with male-only: biparental:
female-only care is 9:3:1.
Reynolds
et al
. (2002).
Amphibians
Female-only care and male-only care equally
common. Low frequency of biparental care.
Beck (1998); Summers
et
al
. (2006).
Reptiles
Either female alone or both parents.
Reynolds
et al
. (2002).
Birds
In 90% species, biparental care (including
9% where helpers assist), but females often
invest more in care. Females care alone in
majority of the remaining species. Male-only
care is rarer.
Lack (1968); Cockburn
(2006).
Mammals
Females care in all species. In 95% species,
the female cares alone. In 5% the male
helps too. No cases of male-only care.
Clutton-Brock (1991).
