Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
100%
m
=0.7
Conventional Forming
80%
m
=0.5
60%
m
=0.3
40%
m
=0.25
20%
m
=0.2
m
=0.15
0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
20%
m
=0.1
Renoform OL569NE
TufDraw 1919
SynDraw 1310D
40%
m=0.05
60%
Ring height reduction [%]
(b)
100%
m
=0.7
EAF, Current density: 25 Amps/mm
2
80%
+
m
=0.5
~
60%
_
m
=0.3
40%
m
=0.25
20%
m
=0.2
m
=0.15
0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
m
=0.1
-
20%
Renoform OL569NE
Tuf Draw 1919
SynDraw 1310D
-
40%
m
=0.05
-
60%
Ring height reduction [%]
(c)
100%
m
=0.7
EAF, Current density: 35 Amps/mm
2
80%
+
m
=0.5
~
60%
_
m
=0.3
40%
m
=0.25
20%
m
=0.2
0%
m
=0.15
0%
10%
20%
30%
40% 0%
60%
70%
80%
m
=0.1
-
20%
Renoform OL569NE
Tuf Draw 1919
SynDraw 1310D
-
40%
m
=0.05
-
60%
Ring height reduction [%]
Fig. 9.35
Friction calibration curves and friction factors for the three lubricants tested [
13
,
14
].
The friction factors were calibrated for several different applied current densities:
a
Conventional
forming,
b
EAF at 25 A/mm
2
, and
c
EAF at 35 A/mm
2
