Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Transboundary
Role
Example
water era/Time period
Cooperative Development
1945-1965
- Projects of mutual
- Columbia River Treaty
benefit
- St. Lawrence Seaway and
- Federal government
Hydropower Development
encouraged hydroelectric
- Niagara Treaty
development
Comprehensive Management
1965-1985
- Issue-based
- Great Lakes Water Quality
- Comprehensive river
Agreement
basin planning and more
“environmentally conscious”
framework
- Water expertise built up
at federal level
Sustainable Development
1985-2005
- Linking economy and
- Great Lakes Annex
environment
- Issues more integrative,
anticipatory and preventive
Participatory
2000-current
- Increased citizen
- IJC International
participation in established
Watersheds Initiative
frameworks
Postcolonial
2000
- Coast Salish Gathering/
Yukon River Inter-Tribal
Watershed Council
Source: Adapted from Norman and Bakker (2009).
to note, however, that the broad terms, “pollution” or “environment” were not
mentioned in the BWT, rather they employed terms such as “domestic and
sanitary uses”. The lack of inclusion of these more broadly defined terms continue
importance of these water-related issues, public pressure from individual citizens,
lobby groups, and water resource technocrats provided the initial push to develop
the BWT (Dreisziger, 1981).
Those advocating for the development of a shared water treaty argued that it
would become increasingly difficult to negotiate a “fair” treaty given the growing
asymmetry of power between the nations. In fact, representatives of the Canadian
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade and the U.S. State
Department suggested that there was only a brief time in the history of Canada-U.S.
relations for the negotiation of a treaty such as the BWT - noting that “the Treaty
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