Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Flow
hrust
90°
Flow
figure 2.3 Direction of thrust in a pipe in a trench (viewed from above).
Top view
hrust
figure 2.4 Thrust block.
Couplings
Shackle
rods
hrust
direction
figure 2.5 Thrust anchor.
place below the fitting to be anchored. As shown in Figure 2.5, imbedded
steel shackle rods anchor the fitting to the concrete block, effectively
resisting upward thrusts. The size and shape of a thrust control device
depend on the pipe size, type of fitting, water pressure, water hammer,
and soil type.
2.5 head
Head is defined as the vertical distance the water/wastewater must
be lifted from the supply tank to the discharge or as the height a column
of water would rise due to the pressure at its base. A perfect vacuum
plus atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi would lift the water 34 ft. If the
top of the sealed tube is opened to the atmosphere and the reservoir is
enclosed, the pressure in the reservoir is increased and the water will
