Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Puller, S. L. (2006). The Strategic Use of Innova-
tion to Influence Regulatory Standards.
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Williamson, O. E. (1985).
The Economic Institu-
tions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational
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accessible at
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KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
ANSI Due Process Requirements:
Process
requirements for standardization activities that
prescribe normative goals that control self-interest
of the private parties engaged in standards devel-
opment activities.
Anticipatory Standards:
Standards that are
developed ex ante to markets that supply products
and services compliant with the standard.
Antitrust:
The U.S. term for anti-monopoly
or competition law applicable regulate markets
where dominant participants possess market power
or coordinated collaboration results in unlawful
collusion.
Conformity Assessment:
Activity intimately
involved in standardization that determines con-
formity with standards for processes, products, or
services, examples include, e.g., testing, observa-
tion, inspection, audit, certification, registration,
accreditation.
Consortium:
Standards development orga-
nization in the private sector, characterized by a
quick and temporary convened venue intending
to develop a single standard or narrow family of
related standards.
Coordination Problem:
Challenge under
game theoretic analysis in which market par-
ticipants could conceivably make decisions that
achieve mutual gain but is constrained by disin-
centives to reveal proprietary information or be
subject to litigation risks of collusion.
De Facto Standards:
Informally set standards
where proprietary designs emerge as successful
under competitive conditions.
De jure Standards:
Formally set standards
typically in government venues or at other au-
thorized organizations.
Shapiro, C. (2000). Navigating the Patent Thicket:
Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting,
in Innovation Policy And The Economy (Adam
B. Jaffe et al. eds.)1 p. 119.
Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. R. (1999).
Information
Rules
. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School
Press.
Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. R. (1999). The Art of
Standards Wars.
California Management Review
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41
(2), 8-32.
Swann, G. M. P. 2000, The Economics of Stan-
dardization, in Report for Department of Trade
and Industry, Standards and Technical Regulations
Directorate, p.90,
accessible at
http://www.dti.gov.
uk/strd/fundingo.htm#swannrep
Updegrove, A. 2007. What (and why) is a consor-
tium? Boston, MA: ConsortiumInfo.Org, Gesmer
Updegrove LLP
accessible at
http://consortium-
info.org/what/.
U.S. Dep't of Justice & Fed. Trade Comm'n,
(2000) Antitrust Guidelines for Collaborations
Among Competitors
accessible at
http://www.ftc.
gov/os/2000/04/ftcdojguidelines.pdf
U.S. Dep't of Justice & Fed. Trade Comm'n,
(2007) Antitrust Enforcement And Intellectual
Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Com-
petition,
accessible at
http://www.justice.gov/atr/
public/hearings/ip/222655.pdf
