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pollution that also impacted on the water
quality of the Russian territory.
6 For example: China's Energy Conditions and
Policies; Environmental Protection in China;
China's Policies and Action for addressing
Climate change; Environmental Protection
in China (1996-2005)
7 See: BBC news 19 th January 2010: 'UN
climate body admits 'mistake' on Hima-
layan glaciers', http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/
hi/8468358.stm
8 See National Bureau of Statistics of China,
http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statistical-
data/yearlydata
9 See UNdata a world of information, http://
data.un.org
10 Highlighting the critical relevance of eco-
nomic development and performance in
providing the CCP with political legitimacy
Deng Xiaoping himself acknowledged in
the spring of 1992: “Anyone who attempted
to change the line, principles and policies
adopted since the Third Plenary Session of
the Eleventh Central Committee would not
be countenanced by the people, he would be
toppled.” Adding that “[h]ad it not been for
the achievements of the reform and the open
policy, we could not have weathered June
4th.” (Selected Words of Deng Xiaoping,
Volume III 1982-1992).
11 It is also worth recognizing that in 2007
China's ratio of passenger per car was about
70 people per car, as compared to almost
one person per car in the USA (KPMG,
Momentum: Driving Forces in China's Car
Market , 2007). Nonetheless, it seems almost
inevitable that China's contemporary high
ratio will decline, and the growth of both
sales and production of China's passenger
car market in 2007, reaching over 20 percent,
clearly indicate that such a scenario is most
likely (KPMG, Momentum: Driving Forces
in China's Car Market , 2007).
12 The environmental issue was addressed in
Hu Jintao's report to the 17 th Party Congress,
on October 15th 2007. The environmental
issue was mostly addressed in the context
of resource scarcity and its potential nega-
tive impact on further developments of the
environment and the negative impact on the
quality of life as a result of the economic de-
velopment. Hu Jintao further acknowledged
that China's economic growth is realized at
costs of resources and the environment.
13 This critical re-definition of security hap-
pened in the background of the dramatic
shift in global politics: the end of the cold
War period. Consequently, the fundamental
debate, concerning the interpretation of
security in the aftermath of the Cold War
centred on the following issues: Deepening
of security , overcoming the abstraction of
military issues from their broader contexts;
Broadening of security , moving away from a
narrowly military focus; Extending security ,
by shifting away the state focus of it and to
incorporate other levels of analysis as soci-
ety, ethnonational or religious identities, or
individuals for example; Security as eman-
cipation , freeing of people - as individuals
and groups - from constraints. See. Jones
Wyn and Richard Li, Security, strategy, and
critical theory , (Boulder Colorado, Lynne
Rienner, 1999), p. 102-118
14 By presenting an issue as a security concern
the actor (politician, bureaucrat, pressure
groups) not only demands extraordinarily
resources in addressing a specific issue, but
also in a different mode when dealing with
this issue, this is a fundamental political
process. Basically, a securitisation process
normally involves a referent object, a secu-
ritizing actor, and a functional actor. This
also remind us, as mentioned earlier, that
security is not something objective which
just needs to be uncovered, thereby high-
lighting its socially constructed character.
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