Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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Heterogeneous autonomous resource vir-
tualization and integration,
Virtual organizations now find a new way
for further development in grid environment.
Grid technology provides means for harnessing
the computational and storage power of widely
distributed collections of computers. Computing
grids are usually very large scale services that
enable the sharing of heterogeneous resources
(hardware and software) over an open network
such as the Internet. A grid is organized in virtual
organizations, collection of computational and
storage resources, application software, as well
as individuals (end-users) that usually have a
common research area. Access to grid resources is
provided to virtual organization members through
the grid middleware, which exposes high-level
programming and communication functionalities
to application programmers and end-users, enforc-
ing some level of resource virtualization. Virtual
organization membership and service brokerage
are regulated by access and usage policies agreed
among the infrastructure operators, the resource
providers and the resource consumers.
In essence, grid computing is aiming to help
standardize the way for distributed computing.
A standard-based open architecture promotes
extensibility, interoperability and portability.
Virtual organization is an open and temporal
integration of autonomic units. The openness,
temporality, adhocratism and heterogeneity of
resources are the reasons why the organizations act
in ODOE (On Demand Operating Environment).
It defines a set of integration and infrastructure
management capabilities that enterprises can
utilize, in a modular and incremental fashion, to
become an on demand business. These are each
unique services that work together to perform a
variety of on demand business function. ODOE
must be responsive to dynamic and unpredictable
changes, variable to adapt to processes and cost
structures to reduce risk, focused on core compe-
tencies and differentiated capabilities, resilient to
manage changes and external threats, flexible, self-
managing, scalable, economical, resilient, based
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Provision of information about resources
and their availability,
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Flexible and dynamic resource allocation
and management,
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Brokerage of resources,
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Security and trust in IT resources availabil-
ity, security includes authentication (asser-
tion and confirmation of the identity of a
user) and authorization (check of rights to
access certain services or data of users as
well as accountability,
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Billing and payments for IT resources
access,
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Delivery of non-trivial Quality of Service
(QoS) (Reichman, 2009).
Grid computing has emerged as an attempt to
provide users with the illusion of an infinitely pow-
erful, easy-to-use computer, which can solve very
complex problems. This very appealing illusion
is to be provided: 1) by relying on the aggregated
power of standard (thus inexpensive), geographi-
cally distributed resources owned by multiple
organizations 2) by hiding as much as possible
the complexity of the distributed infrastructure
to users. Grid computing is the technology that
enables resource virtualization, on-demand provi-
sioning, and service (or resource) sharing between
organizations. Using the utility computing model
and grid computing aims at providing ubiquitous
digital market of services. Frameworks providing
these virtualized services must adhere to the set
of standards ensuring interoperability, which is
well described, open, and non-proprietary and
commonly accepted in the community. Grid
computing is the logical step on the IT market to
the ubiquitous connectivity, virtualization, service
outsourcing, product commoditization, and glo-
balization (Plaszczak &Wellner, 2006). Examples
of grid computing virtual organizations are widely
described in literature (Bubak
et al.
, 2008).
