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species. Obviously, the condition of such interaction is to ensure the possibilities of
development of species and to allow for their contact. Antagonistic co-evolution
techniques, as well as the cooperative co-evolution techniques are considered. In the
application of the agent systems the co-evolution techniques have to be adjusted to
the decentralized character of these systems.
Using the concept of the evolution agent system (
EMAS
), necessary extensions
were performed, which resulted in creating the co-evolution multi-agent systems
[159]. To this purpose, an analogy to the process of the biological evolution was made
and the concept of the ecological niche was introduced. What is more, other kinds
of niches in which subjects of a given species may develop were also considered.
In effect, in the course of evolution new species may appear in the system, which
was accounted for the evolution algorithms as the speciation technique. Different
kinds of speciation giving new species were considered. The interactions between
the subjects (agents) of different species, so-called co-evolution of species provided
a basis for the
CoEMAS
systems.
The concept of co-evolution was used with regard to sex as so-called co-evolution
of sex. To this purpose, the concept of sex was introduced as appropriate groups of
subjects and different interactions existing between these groups, e.g., the conflict of
sexes and the mechanism expanding the process of evolution to the sexual selection.
Interactions between agents may be related to the evolution operations (such as the
sexual selection) and be used for generating new species.
As mentioned before, the introduction of sexes allowed for the realization of the
natural selection as sexual selection, as well as for the realization of different methods
of assessment of subjects taking part in the evolution process for their efficiency in
sexual selection:
Taking into consideration subjects of the opposite sexes, it may be assumed that
each agent participating in the process of sexual selection has two evaluations:
- one is the evaluation of its value in the process of evolution
- the other is the evaluation of subjects of the opposite sex as the candidates of
sexual selection
A comparison between the two evaluations made by the subjects of both sexes
allows for the establishment of relationships between the subjects of the opposite
sex and for the realization of the sexual selection.
Taking into account two groups of subjects, which the population of subjects is
divided into, due to the introduction of sexes, it may be considered that in the
course of evolution the number of subjects of one sex is significantly larger or
smaller than the number of subjects of another sex. The difference in the number
of subjects may have a significant influence on the process of sexual selection, and
the course of the process may be considered in cases in which the number of sexes
is similar and when the number of one sex differs significantly from the number
of another sex.
The evaluation of subjects of one sex by the subjects of another sex based on the
differences and similarities of subjects features, the ratio of the amount of subjects of a
