Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
- regional/local land-use plans (particularly management plans for protected areas and coastal
zones).
•
National legislation to protect certain areas
- national parks
- forest reserves
- nature reserves
- natural, historical or cultural sites of importance.
•
International agreements to protect certain areas
- World Heritage Convention
- Ramsar Convention on wetlands.
•
Conservation/preservation of species likely to be sold to tourists or harmed by their activities
- national legislation
- international conventions
- CITES Convention on trade in endangered species.
Environmental Priorities and Preferences
•
Participation of affected people in project planning to determine priorities for environmental
protection, including:
- public health
- revered areas, flora and fauna (e.g. cultural/medicinal value, visual landscape)
- skills training to undertake local environmental mitigation measures
- protection of potable water supply
- conservation of wetland/tropical forest services and products, e.g. hunted wildlife, fish stocks
- issues of sustainable income generation and employment (including significance of gender—
see WID manual
).
•
Government policies for environmental protection (including, where appropriate, incorporation
of objectives from Country Environmental Studies/Environmental Action Plans, etc.)
• Environmental priorities of tourism boards and trade associations representing tour operators.
(
Source:
CEC 1993.)
Two sets of methods are distinguished: those that assume a common utilitarian ethic
with a single evaluation criterion (money), and those based on the measurement of
personal utilities, including multiple criteria. The CBA approach, which seeks to express
impacts in monetary units, falls into the former category. A variety of methods, including
multi-criteria analysis, decision analysis
and
goals achievement,
fall into the latter. The
very growth of EIA is partly a response to the limitations of CBA and to the problems of
the monetary valuation of environmental impacts. Yet, after two decades of limited
concern, there is renewed interest in the monetizing of environmental costs and benefits
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