Civil Engineering Reference
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Decentralized Poly-generation of Energy:
Basic Concepts
Nicolae Badea
Abstract This chapter presents the basic concepts for primary energy forms,
energy conversion, delivered energy, and energy needed by consumers to satisfy
their needs (useful energy). The conversion of primary energy into useful energy is
evaluated on the basis of the energy ef
ciency factor for separate energy generation,
cogeneration, and trigeneration. The difference between the primary energy in the
case of separate production and the primary energy in the case of combined pro-
duction represents the primary energy corresponding to the saved fuel. The energy
saving measure is achieved through the primary energy savings (PES) or percent
fuel savings. Finally, a trigeneration energy conversion is exempli
ed and the
performance indicators of the system are given.
1 Energy
Matter is characterized through two fundamental measures: mass and energy. Mass
is the measure of inertia and gravity, and energy is the scalar measure of matter
movement. The energy modi
cation of a physical system is known as mechanical
work. Mechanical work appears when the state of physical system is modi
ed as
result of a transformation, and the latter implies the modi
cation of the system
'
s
energy.
Polygeneration describes an integrated process which has three or more outputs
that include energy outputs, produced from one or more natural resources.
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