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7. Organizational change will be required to implement reengi-
neered work processes.
8. Implementation of new systems may require regulatory or legisla-
tive change.
Guideline 10: Adopt a total cost-of-ownership model for applica-
tions and technologies that balances the costs of development,
support, training, disaster recovery, and retirement against the
costs of flexibility, scalability, ease of use, and reduction of inte-
gration complexity.
1. This will require looking closely at technical and user train-
ing costs, especially when making platform or major software
upgrades during the lifetime of the system.
2. Designers and developers will have to take a systemic view.
3.
Individual IT components will have to be selectively suboptimized.
4. There will be a need to develop a cost-of-ownership model.
5. A method of coordinated retirement of systems must be
developed.
6.
Budget issues for staffing and training will need to be considered.
7. A cost structure will have to be developed for providing access
to shared information.
8. Funding will have to be provided for data costs that are not
billable or recoverable.
9. Permanent, reliable funding mechanisms will need to be estab-
lished for developing enterprise-wide geographic information
such as aerial photography, satellite imagery, transportation, and
hydrographic data layers.
Guideline 11: Infrastructure and data access will employ reusable com-
ponents across the enterprise, using an n -tier model.
1.
Component management will need to become a core competency.
2. Development of a culture of reuse will be required.
3.
Design reviews will become crucial.
4.
Data marts will need to be modularized without making compo-
nents too small or too simple to do useful work.
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