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m
ϕ
IP =
ϕ IP sin
ϕ P +
ϕ IP cos
ϕ P cos
IP λ P ).
cos
sin
cos
(54)
At present (as of 2012) the coordinates of geomagnetic pole are:
0 N
2 W
ϕ P =
80
.
,
=
72
.
.
(55)
P
For more details refer to Sect. 4.3 (Bohm et al. 2013 ).
4.1.2 NeQuick Model
The NeQuick ionospheric model developed by the Aeronomy and Radiopropoga-
tion Laboratory (ARPL) of the Abdus Salam International Centre for the Theoret-
ical Physics in Trieste (Italy) and the Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics and
Meteorology of the University of Graz (Austria) allows calculation of TEC and
electron density profile for any arbitrary path (Nava 2006 ). The NeQuick model is
based on the so-called DGR model introduced by Di Giovanni and Radicella ( 1990 ).
The original DGR model uses a sum of Epstein layers to analytically construct the
electron density distribution within the ionosphere. The general expression for the
electron density in an Epstein layer following (Radicella and Nava 2010 )is:
2 exp h
4 Nm
hm
B
N Epstein (
h
,
hm
,
Nm
,
B
) =
,
(56)
1
exp h hm
B
+
where h is the height, hm is the layer peak height, Nm is the electron density and B
is the layer's thickness parameter.
Based on the anchor points related to the ionospheric characteristics which are
routinely scaled from ionogram data, the analytical functions are constructed.The
basic equations that describe the latest NeQuick model (NeQuick 2) are given by
Nava et al. ( 2008 ):
N bot (
) =
N E (
) +
N F 1 (
) +
N F 2 (
),
h
h
h
h
(57)
where:
2 exp h
4 Nm
E
hmE
B E
N E (
h
) =
ξ(
h
)
,
1
exp h hmE
B E
+
ξ(
)
h
2 exp h
4 Nm
F 1
hmF 1
B 1
N F 1 (
h
) =
ξ(
h
)
,
(58)
1
exp h hmF 1
B 1
+
ξ(
h
)
2 exp h
4 NmF 2
hmF 2
B 2
N F 2 (
h
) =
.
1
exp h hmF 2
B 2
+
 
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