Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
30
0˚
0˚
−90˚
−90˚
90˚
90˚
−180˚
−180˚
180˚
180˚
20
45˚
45˚
45˚
45˚
10
0
0˚
0˚
0˚
0˚
−10
−20
−45˚
−45˚
−45˚
−45˚
−30
−180˚
−180˚
180˚
180˚
−90˚
−90˚
90˚
90˚
0˚
0˚
−40
Fig. 2
Mean surface temperature in degree Celsius as determined from 36 epochs in 2005
0˚
0˚
−90˚
−90˚
90˚
90˚
30
−180˚
−180˚
180˚
180˚
25
45˚
45˚
45˚
45˚
20
0˚
0˚
0˚
0˚
15
10
−45˚
−45˚
−45˚
−45˚
5
−180˚
−180˚
180˚
180˚
−90˚
−90˚
90˚
90˚
0˚
0˚
Fig. 3
Mean water vapor pressure in hPa as determined from 36 epochs in 2005
temperature, there is a clear correlation with latitude and height as illustrated in
Fig.
3
.
The pressure
E
of saturated water vapor in hPa can be determined with, e.g., the
formula byMagnus (see (Kraus
2004
)) when
t
is the temperature in degree Celsius
(
◦
C):
e
17
.
1
·
t
E
=
6
.
1078
·
(2)
235
+
t
m
3
•
Absolute humidity
a
is the amount of water vapor in air, e.g. expressed in g
/
with
e
in hPa:
0
.
622
·
1293
0
.
794
a
=
e
=
(3)
1013
.
25
(
1
+
α
·
t
)
1
+
α
·
t
•
Specific humidity
s
is the ratio of the density of water vapor and the density of
wet air. Units are g/g:
