Ends and means - Transport Policy and Planning in Great Britain - page 138

local circumstances. Together Parts 3 and 4 constitute the 'rules of the game' within
which planning practitioners operate on a day-to-day basis.
The individual chapters of Part 3 are as follows:
• the role of the State (Chapter 9) - considers the fundamental questions which
underpin any aspect of public policy: what is the nature of the State and what
are the criteria which do or might influence its role as interpreted by a particular
Government - in our case with respect to transport?
• institutional arrangements (Chapter 10) - the division of functions as between
public and private sectors in the provision of transport infrastructure and services
and the allocation of responsibilities amongst the public sector
• objectives and targets (Chapter 11) - the purposes or 'ends' set for public bodies
working in the transport field and the use of indicators to measure their
performance in fulfilling them
• infrastructure investment and its funding (Chapter 12) - the 'means' available for
pursuing these ends in terms of improvements to transport infrastructure and the
opportunities and constraints surrounding their funding
• regulatory measures (Chapters 13 and 14) - i.e. the means available in the form of
legally enforceable rules on vehicles, traffic and development (Chapter 13) or on
transport industries (Chapter 14)
• fiscal measures (Chapter 15) - the means available via forms of taxation or
charging on the one hand or via grants or subsidies on the other to influence the
amount or type of travel or transport service provided
• behavioural measures (Chapter 16) - referred to by the Government as 'smarter
choices' - are a relatively new category of instrument which seeks to secure
change in travel behaviour amongst individuals and organisations independently
of improvements to the transport system and without application of traditional
regulatory or fiscal measures.