Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Thus, there is impending need to develop and implement techniques and
methodologies to evaluate the disposition and exposure of anticancer agents
within the tumor matrix.
21.1.2 Carrier formulations of anticancer agents
Major advances in the use of carrier vehicles delivering pharmacologic agents
and enzymes to sites of disease have occurred the past 10 years (Gradishar,
2006; Drummond et al., 1999; Papahadjopoulos et al., 1991; D'Emanuele and
Attwood, 2005; Ouyang et al., 2004). The primary types of carrier-mediated
anticancer agents are liposomes and nanoparticles (Table 21.1). Nanoparticles
are then subdivided into microspheres, dendrimers and conjugate formulations
(Gradishar, 2006; Drummond et al., 1999; Papahadjopoulos et al., 1991;
D'Emanuele and Attwood, 2005; Ouyang et al., 2004). The theoretical advan-
tages of liposomal and nanoparticle encapsulated and carrier-mediated drugs are
increased solubility, prolonged duration of exposure, selective delivery of
entrapped drug to the site of action, improved therapeutic index, and potentially
overcoming resistance associated with the regular anticancer agent (Drummond
et al., 1999; Papahadjopoulos et al., 1991). The process by which these agents
preferentially accumulate in tumor and tissues is called enhanced permeation
Table 22.1 Summary of carrier-mediated chemotherapeutic agents
Liposomal agents
Nanoparticles
Conventional
Pegylated
Microspheres
Conjugates
(sterically
stabilized)
LE-SN38
Doxil/Caelyx Abraxane (ABI007)
Xyotax (PPX)
Lurtotecan/OSI-211
S-CKD602
Paclimer
DHA±paclitaxel
9NC
TOCOSOL-Paclitaxel PEG±doxorubicin
Irinotecan
APA-Thalidomide
PEG±methotrexate
Paclitaxel
PX-NP
PEG±interferon
Doxorubicin
PEG±camptothecin
Daunorubicin
20-carbonate±
camptothecin
Cytarabine
PL±ara-C
Topotecan
PL±gemcitabine
Vincristine (onco-TSC)
FRL-doxorubicin : vincristine
FRL-daunorubicin : cytarabine
FRL-5-fluorouracil : irinotecan
FRL-cisplatin : irinotecan
FRL fixed ratio liposomes; DHAdocosahexaenoic acid; PEGpolyethylene glycol; Ara-C
cytosine arabinoside; PL phospholipids; APA alginate-poly-lysine-alginate microcapsules;
PX-NPpaclitaxel entrapped in cetyl alcohol/polysorbate nanoparticles
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