Artificial cells in medicine: with emphasis on blood substitutes - Artificial Cells, Cell Engineering and Therapy - page 329

by many groups around the world. 7 The promise and potential of artificial cells
also come with the need for further development towards actual applications.
Much needs to be done for the more advanced uses of artificial cells to produce
fruitful applications.
Artificial cells is a rapidly evolving area, and links to other groups around the
world can be found on: www.artcell.mcgill.ca and www.artificialcell.info
12.7 Acknowledgements
This author is the principal investigator of the operating grant from the Canadian
Institutes of Health Research; the `Virage' Centre of Excellence in Bio-
technology from the Quebec Ministry; and the MSSS-FRSQ Research Group
(d'equip) award on Blood Substitutes in Transfusion Medicine from the Quebec
Ministry of Health.
12.8 References
1. Chang TMS: `Hemoglobin Corpuscles', Report of a research project for Honours
Physiology, Medical Library, McGill University (1957). Also reprinted as part of `30
anniversary in Artificial Red Blood Cells Research', J. Biomater., Artif. Cells Artif.
Organs 1988; 16: 1±9.
2. Chang TMS: Semipermeable microcapsules. Science 1964; 146: 524±525.
3. Chang TMS, MacIntosh FC, Mason SG: Semipermeable aqueous microcapsules: I.
Preparation and properties. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1966; 44: 115±128.
4. Chang TMS: Semipermeable aqueous microcapsules [`artificial cells']: with
emphasis on experiments in an extracorporeal shunt system. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif.
Intern. Organs 1966; 12: 13±19.
5. Chang TMS: Artificial Cells. Springfield: C.C. Thomas Publisher, 1972 (available
for free online viewing at www.artcell.mcgill.ca).
6. Chang TMS: Therapeutic applications of polymeric artificial cells. Nature Rev.
Drug Discovery 2005; 4: 221±235.
7. Chang TMS: Artificial Cells: Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, Blood Substitutes,
Degenerative Medicine, Bioencapsulation, Cell/Stem Cell Therapy. World Scientific
Publishing, Singapore, 2007.
8. Chang TMS: Stabilization of enzyme by microencapsulation with a concentrated
protein solution or by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Com. 1971; 44: 1531±1533.
9. Chang TMS: Blood Substitutes: Principles, Methods, Products and Clinical Trials.
Vol. 1 Karger, Basel, 1997 (available for free online viewing at www.artcell.mcgill.ca).
10. Chang TMS. Oxygen carriers. Curr. Opin. Investigational Drugs, 2002; 3(8): 1187±
1190.
11. R. Winslow: Current status of blood substitute research: towards a new paradigm. J.
Int. Med. 2003; 253: 508±517.
12. Chang TMS: New generations of red blood cell substitutes. J. Internal Med. 2003;
253: 527±535.
13. Gould SA, Moore EE, Hoyt DB, Ness PM, Norris EJ, Carson JL, Hides GA,
Freeman IHG, DeWoskin R, Moss GS: The life-sustaining capacity of human