Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
withstand
torsion test.
Raab et al.
60
Fischer
344, 2.5
month
36m/min,
grade15%,
60min/day,
5days/wk for
10wk
BW: NS
N/A
Femur ultimate
force (kg/mm):
NS
Hou et al.
61
S.D., 8
wk
49cm/s, 12%
grade,
60min/d,
5d/wk, 10
wk (~75-80%
of maximum
oxygen
capacity)
－
BW: NS
N/A
Femoral neck
maximum load
(N): NS
Energy to
maximum load
(mJ): NS
Shimamura
et al.
62
Wistar,
6 wk
25m/min,
60min/d,
5d/wk, for 7
or 11 wk
－
BW: NS
BMC in Total
tibia (mg):
EXE > CON*
N/A
van der Wiel
et al.
63
Wistar,
5 month
20m/min,30
mim/d, 5
°
inclination,
5d/wk, 17wk
－
BW: NS
Total body
BMC (g): NS
CON
：
9.3±1.
1
EXE
：
9.9±1.0
Femoral neck
maximal load
(N): NS
Femoral shaft
maximal load
(N): NS
Salem et al.
64
－
BW: NS N/A Femoral neck
maximal load
(N):NS
Note: Protocol, training protocols were presented serially by the final training intensity (m or cm per
minute), training time per day (minute or hour per day), training frequency (times per week), and
training periods (day or week); d, day; wk, week; min, minute; NS, none significant difference; N/A,
none available.3.1.3Gender differences revealed by animal studies
Table 3. Studies of endurance running training vs. growing or young adult female rats
S.D., 8
wk
45 cm/s, 5%
grade, 60
min/d,
3d/wk, 10wk
As mentioned above, male and female rats adapt differently to endurance treadmill training,
especially in densitometric measurements. The reasons for this gender difference in rodents
have been comprehensively investigated elsewhere. According to the theory of Frost,
10
this
difference may partially contribute to different adaptations in BW gain. Female rats usually
exhibit a similar or sometimes higher body mass after training; they therefore may acquire a
greater advantage from local mechanical loading than male rats with lower BW gain after
forced endurance treadmill training or voluntary running.
65-68
The mechanisms of this
gender difference in BW gain associated with ERT are unknown. A possible explanation is
the involvement of gonadal hormones in BW regulation. Endurance exercise reportedly
lowers plasma testosterone levels in male rats.
69
The down regulation of this anabolic
