Functional Classes I, Structure and Naming - Organic Chemistry Concepts: An EFL Approach - page 23

Table 2.5 Selected Common Aromatics (Arenes)
Structural Formula Common Name IUPAC Name M.P. (°C) B.P. (°C)

Benzene Benzene 5 80

Toluene Methylbenzene −93 111

o -Xylene 1,2-dimethylbenzene −25 143

m -Xylene 1,3-dimethylbenzene −48 138

p -Xylene 1,4-dimethylbenzene 13 138

Naphthalene 80 218

Anthracene 16 340

69 255

Biphenyl

IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

The positions of substituents on the benzene ring can be shown by numbers.
This is necessary when there are three or more substituents. In disubstituted
benzenes, the relative substituent positions can also be given by the following
prefixes. o - (ortho) to show a 1,2-, m - (meta) to show a 1,3-, and p - (para) to
show a 1,4-substitution pattern.

Later sections in this chapter do not always give aromatic examples of the other
functional classes. However, aromatic examples of all of these do exist and, in
fact, are common.

2.5 ALKYL HALIDES