Introduction: new frontiers of environmental governance - Environmental Reform in the Information Age - page 17

Table 1.1. Modes of governance (according to NEWGOV, 2004)

Actors involved

Public actors only Public and private actors Private actors only

Steering modes Hierarchical,

Top-down,
Legal sanctions

Traditional nation-states;
Supranational institutions

Nonhierarchical,
Bargaining,
Positive incentives

Intergovernmental
bargaining

Delegation of public
functions to private actors;
Neocorporatism

Private-interest
government

Nonhierarchical,
Nonmanipulative,
Persuasion,
Learning and arguing,
Diffusion

Institutional problem
solving across levels;
European agencies

Public-private networks
benchmarking

Private-private
partnerships (NGOs)