Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.6
Lower and Higher Heating Values of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels
Average values
Lower
Fuels
Higher
Lower
Higher
Solid fuels
kJ/kg
Btu/lb
Vegetal fuels
10,465
16,700
4,499
7,180
Pitch lignite
18,000
24,000
7,738
15,478
Standard coal
29,302
33,500
12,598
14,403
Charcoal
31,395
34,750
13,498
14,941
Cokery coke
29,302
33,000
12,598
14,188
Gas coke
26,790
32,650
11,518
14,038
Petroleum coke
34,744
37,250
14,938
16,015
Liquid fuels
kJ
/
kg
Btu
/
lb
Crude oil
41,860
44,400
17,997
19,090
Petroleum condensates
44,372
47,000
19,077
20,207
Light petroleum distillates
43,534
46,150
18,717
19,842
Gasoline
43,953
46,600
18,897
20,035
Jet fuel
43,534
46,150
18,717
19,842
Refined kerosene
43,116
45,700
18,537
19,648
Gasoil
42,697
45,250
18,357
19,455
Fuel oil
41,023
43,500
17,637
18,702
Liquid hydrogen
120,070
141,800
51,621
60,964
Propane
46,296
50,235
19,904
21,597
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
46,046
49,700
19,797
21,368
Btu
/
ft
3
a
Natural gas 34,325 38,450 921 1,032
Methane 34,285 38,000 953 1,057
Cokery gas 17,791 19,900 478 534
Blast furnace gas 3,767 4,200 101 113
a
0.1 MPa (14.5 psi), 288.75 K (15.6
C; 60
F) for natural gas and 273.15 K (0
C; 32
F) for other
gases
kJ
/
m
3
a
Gaseous fuels
Table 2.7
Conventional densities of liquid fuels
Fuels
kg/m
3a
ib/ft
3a
Gasoline
734
45.8
Gasoil
825
51.5
Oil
925
57.7
LPG
565
35.3
Natural gas
a
0.75 0.047
Standard coal 800 43.9
Vegetal fuels 400 24.3
a
0.1 MPa (14.5 psi), 288.75 K (15.6
C; 60
F) for natural gas
nitrogen, ash, and liquid water (the water produced during the combustion is
assumed to be discharged as liquid water). The standard conditions are defined
by ISO. The international reference temperature for combustion is 25
C (77
F),
but in some countries different temperatures are used;
