Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.4
(continued)
To convert from
Symbol
To
Symbol
Multiply by
Refrigerant
capacity tons
tons
Watt
W
3,520
frigorie/hour
frig/h
Watt
W
0.0011628
Torque
pound-force foot
lbf ft
Newton meter
N
m
1.356
kilogram-force meter
kgf m
Newton meter
N
m
9.807
Density
pound/cubic foot
lb/ft
3
kg/m
3
kilogram per cubic meter
16.018
Volume flow rate
cubic foot/minute
ft
3
/min
m
3
/s
cubic meter per second
0.00047
Specific energy
Btu/pound
Btu/lb
Joule/kilogram
J/kg
2,326
calorie/kilogram
cal/kg
Joule/kilogram
J/kg
4.186
Specific heat
Btu/pound
F
Btu/lb
F
Joule/kilogram K
J/kg K
4.186
calorie/kilogram
C
cal/kg
C
Joule/kilogram K
J/kg K
4.186
Light
footcandle
fc
lux
lx
10.764
Temperature
Celsius
C change
C Kelvin change K 1
Fahrenheit
F change
F Kelvin change K 5/9
Note that conversion between two non SI units can be made by using the ratio between the
conversion factors of the single unit
Examples
To convert from
To
Multiply by
Celsius change
Fahrenheit change
1/(5/9)
Btu/h
cal/h
0.2931/0.0011628
The quantity of combustibles is generally referred to TOE (Ton Oil Equivalent)
by using the Lower Heating Value (41,860 kJ/kg).
Primary energy (hydro, geothermal, nuclear, or other renewable energy
sources) from which electric energy is produced is converted into TOE
on the basis of the specific consumption (kJ/kWh) of conventional
fuel-fed utility power plants. Typical values range between 6,600 and
10,500 kJ/kWh (corresponding to 6,256 and 9,952 Btu/kWh) if both
power plant and distribution line losses are taken into account; lower
values correspond to combined cycles with gas turbines, whereas higher
values to boilers and steam condensing turbines fed by solid coal.
