Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Yearly energy consumption as the product of the consumed power
multiplied by the working hours per year. If measurements are available,
these figures can be used instead of estimates.
Codes for identifying end users; generally four codes are enough to indi-
cate user categories (process or facilities; production areas; product, center
of cost, etc.) or their attribution to boiler plants, electrical substations, and
other facility plants around the site.
Share of the different production categories in the electric, thermal, and
total energy consumption, with different degrees of detail depending on the
available data and on their mode of elaboration (see models in Tables
17.5
,
17.6
, and
17.7
).
4.
KPI evaluation
. KPI for the energy consumption of process and facility plants
must be calculated on the basis of measurements. They can be used as a baseline
for evaluating energy saving (see Table
17.8
).
5.
Feasibility studies for investments
. Investment classification is shown in
Table
17.9
. Investment cost, savings (saving in energy and operating costs
plus or minus additional costs) and a preliminary economic analysis by means
of the pay-back parameter are shown in detail as well as the state of each
of process and facility plants must be carefully investigated (see Sect.
17.9
).
6.
Personnel training
. This is an important aspect of energy management and must
be developed at different
levels by including all
the personnel (see also
Chap.
18
).
The models must be cross-checked to verify the consistency of different modes
of water and energy consumption (electric, thermal, etc.) by the same end user.
In this way, anomalies due to variation from standards can be detected.
The results of the model elaboration can also be used to break down energy
consumption into the different production categories.
Energy flow measurements, which are made systematically in many parts of
chemical, petrochemical, and other energy-intensive factories, can also be
implemented in medium energy intensive manufacturing industries and in buildings
by accurately choosing the main flows to be measured in order to reduce
investments for instrumentation and related maintenance costs. Moreover, the
results of these measurements can be used to improve the validity of the energy
models (see step 3c) and the precision with which energy consumption is shared
between different categories of production or services.
The modeling, which emphasizes the relative importance of different users and
facilities from the energy point of view, is a preliminary phase for any energy
accounting, whether off-line or on-line, and for any centralized energy management
and plant control systems.
