Cytomegalovirus Immune Evasion - Human Cytomegalovirus - page 323

Cytomegalovirus Immune Evasion
C. Powers , V. DeFilippis , D. Malouli , K. Früh ( ü )
Contents
The Type I Interferon System and Its Effects on CMV Replication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Induction of IFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
CMV Interference with the Induction of IFN and ISGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
CMV Interference with JAK/STAT Signal Transduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
CMV Interference with ISG Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Interference with Antigen Presentation by Cytomegalovirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Inhibition of Antigen Presentation to CD8 + T Lymphocytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
MCMV as a Model System for CMV Interference with MHC-I Expression . . . . . . . . . . . 340
CMV Interference with T Cell Costimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Escaping the Natural Killer Cell Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
MHC Class I Homologs and NK Cell Evasion Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
The UL40 Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
NK Cell Modulation by UL14 and UL141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Retention of NKG2D Ligands by UL16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Downregulation of the NKG2D Ligand MICA by UL142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Downregulation of Murine NKG2D Ligands by m138, m145, m152, and m155 . . . . . . . . 346
Activation of Ly49H by m157 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
The Rat Cytomegalovirus RCTL Protein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has become a paradigm for viral
immune evasion due to its unique multitude of immune-modulatory strategies.
HCMV modulates the innate as well as adaptive immune response at every step of its
life cycle. It dampens the induction of antiviral interferon-induced genes by several
mechanisms. Further striking is the multitude of genes and strategies devoted to
modulating and escaping the cellular immune response. Several genes are independ-
ently capable of inhibiting antigen presentation to cytolytic T cells by downregulating
K. Früh
Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute , Oregon Health and Science University, Portland ,
OR 97201 , USA
[e-mail]