Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors Encoded by Cytomegaloviruses - Human Cytomegalovirus - page 215

Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors
Encoded by Cytomegaloviruses
P. S. Beisser , H. Lavreysen , C. A. Bruggeman , C. Vink ( ü )
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Evolution of CMV vCK Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
The Role of vCKs During CMV Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Chemokine Receptors Encoded by CMVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Evolution of CMV vGPCR Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Modulation of Intracellular Signaling by CMV vGPCRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
CMV vGPCR Gene Deletion Mutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Localization of CMV vGPCRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Abstract CMVs carry several genes that are homologous to genes of the host
organism. These include genes homologous to those encoding chemokines (CKs)
and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It is generally assumed that these CMV
genes were hijacked from the host genome during the long co-evolution of virus and
host. In light of the important function of the CK and GPCR families in the normal
physiology of the host, it has previously been hypothesized that the CMV homologs
of these proteins, CMV vCKs and vGPCRs, may also have a significant impact
on this physiology, such that lifelong maintenance and/or replication of the virus
within the infected host is guaranteed. In addition, several of these homologs were
reported to have a major impact in the pathogenesis of infection. In this review, the
current state of knowledge on the CMV vCKs and vGPCRs will be discussed.
Abbreviations AC : Adenylyl cyclase ; cAMP : Cyclic adenosyl monophosphate ;
CCMV: Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus; CCR[n] (e.g. CCR5): CC chemokine receptor
[n] ; CMV: Cytomegalovirus ; CRE: Cyclic adenosyl monophosphate responsive
C. Vink
Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040,
3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
[e-mail]