Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
in sterile bottles clearly marked with a borehole number, parameters to be analyzed and
preservative added. Samples for microbiology and macro pollutants were preserved at
4ºC in a cooler box and sampled within 6 hours of sampling. Temperature and pH were
measured in the field. Sampling was performed on three sampling occasions.
The parameters tested and the analytical procedures were the same as the ones
described in section 3.1.1, except that FC and TC were determined in addition, by ELE
Paqualab equipment, applying the membrane filtration method (Standard methods 1989).
Duplicate samples were included in all analyses for quality control.
Table 9.4. Ground water quality characteristics -
general parameters and nutrients.
Parameter Sampling point
Maximum recommended levels for different water uses
BH1
BH2
BH3
BH4
BH5
Average
wells
BH6
Control
Domestic* Domestic** Live-
stock
Irrigation
pH
7.5
(0.07)
7.2
(0.14)
6.9
(0.23)
7.0
(0.19)
6.7
(0.25)
7.1
(0.28)
11.6
(0.10)
--
6-9
--
6.5-8.4
T ºC
23.2
(1.51)
23.2
(1.04)
23.2
(1.50)
23.1
(1.08)
23.2
(0.07)
23.2
(0.07)
23.2
(0.21)
--
--
--
--
TDS mg/l 1009
(291)
310
(125)
861
(387)
650
(235)
679
(93)
886
(199)
855
(37)
--
450
3000 260
TSS
(mg/l)
4678
(4014)
150
(50)
1061
(1228)
(33)
35
217
(100)
1230
(1152)
103
(135)
Nitrate
mg/l
1.78
(2.51)
1.67
(2.61)
2.49
(4.14)
2.74
(4.38)
3.17
(5.11)
2.37
(0.44)
1.52
(2.23)
50
6
100
--
TP mg/l
0.15
(0.021)
0.03
(0.021)
0.13
(0.121)
0.14
(0.073)
0.54
(0.701)
0.20
(0.203)
0.04
(0.032)
--
--
--
--
Ortho P
mg/l
0.10
(0.011)
0.01
(0.014)
0.04
(0.042)
0.11
(0.012)
0.64
(0.902)
0.18
(0.193)
0.02
(0.022)
--
--
--
--
FC
cfu/100
ml
295
(91)
188
(110)
812
(166)
960
(259)
1170
(624)
685
(426)
0
0
0
200
1
TC
cfu/100
ml
481
(125)
377
(133)
840
(387)
1800
(1311)
2383
(1975)
1176
(878)
133
(23)
* WHO guidelines (WHO 1996);
** South African guidelines;
Values in parenthesis reflect standard deviations of the mean values
