Appendices - Soils for Fine Wines - page 250

Table A1.1 Great Soil Groups, Their Central Concept, and

Corresponding World Soil Classes Used for Vines

World Soil

Great Soil Group Broad Central Concept Class Underlying Connotation

Lithosols No profile differentiation Leptosols Weakly developed shallow soils

Calcareous Sands Fluvisols Alluvial deposits from

Siliceous Sands moving water

Alluvial soils

Brown and Red Weak profile development; Calcisols Accumulation of calcium carbonate

Calcareous Soils some with dark surface Kastanzems Soils rich in organic matter

Rendzinas colors due to organic and brown or chestnut in color

matter Phaeozems Soils rich in organic matter with

a dark color

Red Brown Earths Mildly leached soils Cambisols Changed in color, structure, and

Leached Brown Soils (not strongly acid), consistence

Solonized Solonetz but with profile textural Solonetz Strongly expressed effect of salt,

especially Na ions, on soil
structure

differentiation (duplex)

Red Podzolic Soils Mildly to strongly acid, Acrisols Strongly acid with low base status

Yellow Podzolic Soils with strong texture contrast Luvisols Clay accumulation

Brown Podzolic Soils Podzoluvisols through lessivage

Krasnozems Predominantly with Ferralsols Soils high in sesquioxides

Terra Rossas sesquioxides Plinthosols Mottled clay materials that

Red Earths harden on exposure

Calcareous Red Earths Calcisols

Source: After Stace et al. (1968) and FAO-Unesco (1988)

Measuring the Soil Microbial Biomass

Appendix 2

Methods for measuring microbial numbers or mass fall into two main groups:
1. Direct observations of organisms as they grow on agar plates. A general
nutrient medium intended to promote the growth of a range of organisms,
or one intended for a specific group, may be chosen. Staining with dyes is
also used to identify specific groups of organisms.
2. Physiological or biochemical methods such as the extraction of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) or fumigation with chloroform (CHCl 3 ), followed by
extraction.
Measurements in the second group tell nothing about the species of organ-
isms, but give estimates of the biomass size. The most widely used method is to
fumigate the sieved soil in CHCl 3 vapor (free of acetone) for 24 hours, flush to
remove the vapor, and extract in 0.5M K 2 SO 4 for 30 min. The CHCl 3 kills and