Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Haas effect
, the latter name in recognition of one of the many researchers on the
phenomenon, Haas (1951).
Added to the time arrival of the reflections, it is important for rooms for music
performances to know
where
the reflections are coming from. The directional
distribution is critical for the listener's feeling of spaciousness of the sound field, i.e.
lateral reflections are just as important as reflections from the ceiling. Added to this fact,
there has in the last 20 years been a growing awareness that diffuse reflections are also
very important, again for rooms for music performances. We shall therefore give some
examples of these other objective acoustic parameters used for larger halls, how they are
determined and, to a limited extent, on the underlying subjective matter.
4.3.1
Reverberation time
The reverberation time
T
is defined as the time required for the sound pressure level in a
room to decrease by 60 dB from an initial level, i.e. the level before the sound source is
stopped. This is not necessarily coincident with a listeners feeling of reverberation and in
ISO 3382 one will find that measurement of the
early decay time
(EDT) is recommended
as a supplement to the conventional reverberation time. Both parameters are determined
from the
decay curve
, EDT from the first 10 dB of decay, and
T
normally from the 30 dB
range between -5 and -35 dB below the initial level. Both quantities are calculated as the
time necessary for a 60 dB decay having the rate of decay in the ranges indicated.
Throughout the time a number of methods have been used to determine the decay
curves and thereby the reverberation time. A common method is to excite the room by a
source emitting band limited stochastic noise, which is turned off after a constant sound
pressure level is reached. For historical reasons, we shall mention the so-called level
recorders, a level versus time writer, recording directly the sound pressure level decay,
where the eye could fit a straight line. Later developments included instruments giving
out the decay data digitally, enabling a line fit e.g. by the method of least squares.
Modern methods based on deterministic signals such as MLS or SS, however, are
superior in the dynamic range achieved in the measurements and may well measure over
a decay range of 60 dB or more. It may be shown that the decay curve is obtained by a
“backward” or reversed time integration of impulse responses as the one shown in
Figure
4.1.
Normally as we are interested in the reverberation as a function of frequency, the
impulse response is filtered in octave or one-third-octave bands before performing this
integration. The decay as a function of time is then given by
∞
t
∫
∫
2
2
Et
()
=
p
( )d
τ τ
=
p
( )d(
τ
−
),
(4.2)
t
∞
where
p
is the impulse response. Certainly, this equation was also utilized when analogue
measuring equipment was used by splitting the integral into two parts as follows
∞
∞
t
∫
∫
∫
2
2
2
Et
()
=
p
()d
τ τ
=
p
()d
τ τ
−
p
()d.
τ
τ
(4.3)
t
0
0
The upper limit of the integration poses a problem as the background noise unrelated to
the source signal will be integrated as well. Different techniques are suggested to
minimize the influence of background noise. One method is to estimate the background
