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()Vadose
a
( ) Water-table or epiphreatic
b
Water
table
Spring
Water
table
Spring
Permanently saturated zone
Permanently saturated zone
( ) Deep phreatic
c
( ) Deep phreatic
with loops
d
Spring
Water
table
Spring
Water
table
Permanently saturated zone
Permanently saturated zone
( ) Phreatic with loops
e
()Mixed loop and
epiphreatic
f
Spring
Water
table
Spring
Water
table
Permanently saturated zone
Permanently saturated zone
Figure 8.18 Types of caves.
Source: Adapted from Ford and Ewers (1978)
Speleogens
important in the formation of potholes. In the cave
system behind God's Bridge rising in Chapel-le-Dale,
North Yorkshire, England, grooves in bedrock, which
look like rounded solution runnels, seem to be carved
out by abrasion during times of high flow (Murphy and
Cordingley 1999).
Rock pendants and scallops are products of solu-
tion. Rock pendants, which normally occur in groups,
Cave forms created by weathering and by water and
wind erosion are called speleogens . Examples are cur-
rent markings, potholes and rock mills, rock pendants,
and scallops.
Potholes and current markings are gouged out by
sediment-laden, flowing water in conjunction with some
solutional erosion. The swirling motion of water is
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