3D PRINTING AND NANOMANUFACTURING - 3D Bioprinting and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - page 40

DEF mixture resin is dependent on the weight ratio of PPF and DEF. Glass transition temperature drops
dramatically by adding DEF. The viscosity of resin relies on both the weight ratio and the molecular
weight of PPF ( Lee et al. , 2007 ). Different ranges of laser parameters and resin compositions were
employed to analyze the effects on the properties of scaffolds. Considering viscosity and mechanical
properties, PPF/DEF mixtures with a 60:40 weight ratio and 1% BAPO might be optimal.

2.4 CELLS AND BIOAPPLICATIONS
Light-assisted biomanufacturing techniques have been used to fabricate tissue constructs with various
types of cells and applications. Two approaches exist: the scaffold-based approach where tissue engi-
neering scaffolds are fabricated first and cells and growth factors are loaded in a separate step; and the
bioprinting approach, where cells are encapsulated in biopolymers and patterned into 3D structures.
Various cells from cancer cells to stem cells have been used for various applications. Table 2.3 is a
summary of the cells used and the applications of each fabrication method.

Table 2.3 Cells and bioapplications

Fabrication
technique Cells Bioprinting Application References

SLS · No 3D scaffold Tan et al. , 2005

Human osteoblast-like cell No 3D scaffold Duan et al. , 2010

Fetal femur-derived cell No Bone replacement

scaffold

Kanczler et al. , 2009

Human osteogenic sarcoma No 3D scaffold Liu et al. , 2013

Human gingival fibroblast (HGF) No 3D scaffold Williams et al. , 2005

LGDW Embryonic chick Spinal cord cell Ye s Cell patterned array Odde and

Renn, 2000

Human Umbilical-Vein endothelial
cell (HUVEC)
Hepatocytes
Multipotent adult progenitor cell
(MAPC)

Ye s Tissue architecture Nahmias et al. , 2005

Endothelial cell
Hepatocyte

Ye s Cell patterning and

self-assembly

Nahmias and
Odde, 2006

Fibroblast
Cardiomyocyte

Ye s Cell patterned array Narasimhan

et al. , 2004

Enbryonic day 7 (E7) chick forebrain
neuron

Ye s Cell patterned array Rosenbalm

et al. , 2006

LIFT Fibroblast

Keratinocyte
Human mesenchymal stem
cell (hMSC)

Ye s Skin substitute using

cell patterning

Koch et al. , 2009