CRANIOFACIAL BONE - 3D Bioprinting and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - page 218

FIGURE 10.3 Nanocomposites are used to mimic the composition of natural bone ECM.
(A) nHAp/PA nanocomposite was used to produce anatomical mandibular condyl graft by 3DP. (B) The scaffold
is inserted in the defect area of the patient and fixed with miniplates. (C) CT scan 28 days post-op showing the
reconstruction of the condylar defect. Adapted from Li et al . (2011b) . nHAp/collagen/PLLA (nHAC/PLLA)
composite scaffolds were applied on full thickness 5 mm diameter rat cranial defects. (D) SEM image of the
nanocomposite scaffold, (E) unloaded and (F) 1 m g rhBMP-2 loaded nHAC/PLLA scaffolds in the rat cranial defect
12 weeks post surgery. Adapted from ref Li et al. (2011a) . Nanofibers recapitulate the architecture of natural
bone . (G) 3D nonwoven mesh of electrospun PLLA nanofibers were implanted on full thickness 5 mm diameter rat
cranial defects. SEM image of nonwoven electrospun nanofiber mesh. (H) unloaded and (I) 175 ng rhBMP-2 loaded
nanofibrous scaffolds in the rat cranial defect 12 weeks post surgery. Adapted from Schofer et al. (2011) . Fabrication
of patient-specific nanofibrous scaffolds. (J) 3D reconstruction of human mandible and preparation of wax mold by