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(a) IM-HS to select for the induction of ADE2 and HIS3.
(b) IM-MS to select for the induction of ADE2.
(c) IM-LS to select for the induction of HIS3.
(d) CM to check cell growth.
2. Incubate the plates at 30 °C. Monitor the emergence of colo-
nies during the next several days.
4
Notes
1. In order to confi rm that the fusion construct is in-frame, the
fusion junction can be sequenced using a standard T7 primer.
2. For best results, competent cells should be used for transfor-
mation immediately, although they can be stored on ice for a
few hours without signifi cant loss in effi ciency.
3. If expression of the bait has toxic effects, clone the bait in a
vector (such as pGBT9) with lower level of expression, or use
truncated versions of the protein to perform the screening.
4. Positive and negative controls must be included in all tests. For
GAL4 system vectors expressing Gal4 DNA-BD fused with
murine p53 (pGBKT7-53) and Gal4 AD fused with SV40
large T-antigen (pGADT7-T) are commonly used as positive
controls [ 9 , 13 ]. A negative control should also be performed
using pGBKT7-Lam (which encodes the Gal4 BD fused with
lamin C) and pGADT7-T.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Sharon White for critical reading the manuscript
and making many helpful suggestions. This research was supported
by a grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología
(AGL2010-22287-C02-02/AGR) and Fondo Europeo de
Desarrollo Regional (FEDER).
References
1. Fields S, Song O (1989) A novel genetic sys-
tem to detect protein-protein interactions.
Nature 340:245-246
2. Legrain P, Wojcik J, Gauthier JM (2001)
Protein-protein interaction maps: a lead
towards cellular functions. Trends Genet 17:
346-352
3. Koegl M, Uetz P (2007) Improving yeast two-
hybrid screening systems. Brief Funct Genomic
Proteomic 6:302-312
4. Guo D, Rajamaki ML, Valkonen J (2008)
Protein-protein interactions: the yeast two-
hybrid system. Methods Mol Biol 451:421-439
5. Fashena SJ, Serebriiskii IG, Golemis EA (2000)
LexA-based two-hybrid systems. Methods
Enzymol 328:14-26
6. Chien CT et al (1991) The two-hybrid system:
a method to identify and clone genes for pro-
teins that interact with a protein of interest.
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