Image Processing Reference
In-Depth Information
Technical factors (also known as system factors) refer to those conditioning the
resulting technical quality of an application or service [ 28 ]. Different categories of
system factors have been proposed in literature, both from a technical perspective,
in which they are divided according to the related components of the service/
architecture chain and from a user perspective, considering their final influence/
manifestation during the experience [ 29 ]. Relevant findings on the influence of
system factors on the QoE are analyzed in Sect. 2.3 .
Human factors comprise those features that characterize the user and have an
influence on his/her perception of quality. Quality perception is framed by the
human perception mechanism, which flows at two main levels: the early sensory
processing level, aimed at extracting relevant features from the incoming multi-
modal sensory information, and the high-level cognitive processing level, focused
on conscious interpretation and judgment [ 28 , 30 ]. This dynamic is supported from
a psychological perspective by Lazarus
theory of appraisal [ 31 ]; in which primary
appraisal involves an appraisal of the outside world and secondary appraisal
involves an appraisal of the individual themselves.
Although this classification has been useful for analysis purposes, the boundaries
between the two processing levels are not clearly established. In contrast, there is
strong evidence pointing to a modulating effect of high level factors as knowledge,
emotions, expectations, attitudes, and goals on the relative importance of sensory
modalities and their attributes, as well as on the orientation of attentional resources
accordingly [ 32 - 34 ]. These changes in early sensory processing can be subject to a
specific domain of expertise (e.g., image-based diagnosis) [ 35 , 36 ] or can be
eventually consolidated as a general ability [ 37 , 38 ]. Furthermore, in case of
discrepancies between the individual knowledge schema (built from past experi-
ences and from abstract expectations and representations of the external reality) and
the sensory input, the structure of the schema can be modified to integrate the
contradictory stimuli (i.e., absorption of new knowledge) [ 39 ].
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2.2 The Bounding Effect of Multimodal Perception
An extended belief in the presence research community is that the more extensive
an immersive system is (i.e., in terms of its capability to stimulate a greater number
of human senses), the greater its capability to evoke presence (see [ 17 ] and citations
thereof). This hypothesis is supported by works as [ 40 ], where the addition of
tactile, olfactory, and auditory cues showed to have a positive impact on the sense
of presence. Likewise, in [ 41 ] an inverse correlation between the mental processing
times (i.e., simple detection times) and the number of sensory modalities presented
(unimodal, bimodal, or trimodal) was found. However, these results can
tbe
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generalized in a straightforward manner to the quality perception context.
Multimodal perception is a complex phenomenon dealing with the integration of
two or more sensory inputs into a single, coherent, and meaningful stimulus.
Although the factors influencing the perceptual experience have not been entirely
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