General Guidelines for S/S of Wastes - Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous, Radioactive, and Mixed Wastes - page 21

environmentally acceptable waste form. Whenever possible, utilization of stabi-
lized/solidified hazardous wastes should be preferred over disposal in order to
decrease the burden of land disposal. 33 If a waste form does require landfilling,
however, the degree of environmental protection provided by stabilization/solidifi-
cation should allow for disposal in less-costly landfilling facilities, by reducing or
eliminating the need for engineered barriers or liner systems. The evaluation protocol
for S/S waste forms developed by the Wastewater Technology Centre (WTC) of
Environment Canada includes three levels of evaluation: Level 0 - Information on
Untreated Waste, S/S Process, and Waste Forms; Level 1 - Chemical Immobilization;
and Level 2 - Physical Entrapment. This protocol can be used as a decision-making
tool for different disposal or utilization scenarios based on the degree of contaminant
containment and physical properties of an S/S waste form. Recently, Kosson et al. 34
proposed an alternative framework for evaluation of inorganic constituent leaching
from wastes and secondary materials. The framework is based on the measurement
of intrinsic leaching properties of the material in conjunction with mathematical
modeling to estimate release under field management scenarios. A description of
the WTC evaluation protocol and an alternative leaching evaluation framework is
discussed in Chapter 11.

2.6 SUMMARY

This chapter provides a general guideline for the use, design, and evaluation of a
process for S/S of a waste. The selection of an S/S technology should be based on
both the legal and technical foundations. The evaluation of an S/S waste form should
consider not only the intrinsic leaching properties of the material, but also the field
management scenarios.

References

1. USEPA, Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites (revised) , EPA-625/6-85-006, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 1985.

2. USEPA, Guidance on Feasibility Studies under CERCLA , EPA-540/G-85-003, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1985.

3. USEPA, Guidance on Remedial Investigations Under CERCLA, EPA-540/G-85-002 ,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1985.

4. U.S. Federal Register, Appendix I, Part 268, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Pro-

cedure (TCLP) , Vol. 51, No. 216, November 7, 1986.

5. LaGrega, M.D., Buckingham, P.L., and Evans, J.C., Hazardous Waste Management ,

McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.

6. Means, J.L. et al. The Application of Solidification/Stabilization to Waste Materials ,

Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1995.

7. Barth, E.D. et al., Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes , Noyes Data

Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, 1990.

8. USEPA, Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report , 8th Edition,

EPA/542/R-96/010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1996.