Stabilization/Solidification Additives - Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous, Radioactive, and Mixed Wastes - page 194

The kiln dusts are effective because of their calcium oxide content. This gives
them high alkalinity and the ability to remove free water by the hydration of CaO
to Ca(OH) 2 , an advantage over inert sorbents. They also use up water in their
pozzolanic reactions. Often, kiln dust and flyash solidification techniques result in
friable, even granular, products, which are usually desirable from the operational
point of view at the landfill. The relatively large volume increase associated with
these materials — the weight addition percentage ranges from 50 to 200% — makes
them unattractive in some applications. However, there are instances, especially with
highly organic waste streams, where these systems are the most efficient for solid-
ification, even on a weight-to-weight basis.
Cement kiln dust has been successfully used to treat numerous types of waste
materials. Everything from coalmine waste effluents 84 and industrial wastewater to
sewage and oil sludges 85 have been stabilized using cement kiln dust.

REFERENCES

1. Mackay, M., and J.J. Emery. Practical Stabilization of Contaminated Soils, Land
Contamination and Reclamation , 1, 3, pp. 149-155 (1993).
2. Conner, J.R. and S.L. Hoeffner. A Critical Review of Stabilization/Solidification
Technology. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology.
28(4):397-462 (1998).
3. Wilk, C.M. Stabilisation of Heavy Metals with Portland Cement: Research Synopsis.
Waste Management Information, Public Works Department, Portland Cement Asso-
ciation, Skokie, IL (1997).
4. Moore, J.N., W.H. Ficklin, and C. Johns. Partitioning of Arsenic and Metals in
Reducing Sulfide Sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:432-437.
5. W.F. Linke, Solubilities: Inorganic and Metal-Organic Compounds. Volume I, Fourth
Edition, pp. 1245-1248, American Cyanamid Co., D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ, 1958.
6. Chemfix Technologies Inc., Kenner, LA (1987).
7. Lo, P.C. et al. Chemical Stabilization — More than a Fixation Process, Chemfix
Technologies, Kenner, LA (1986).
8. Yagi, T. Japan Kokai 75 105,541 (Aug. 20, 1975).
9. Nakaaki, O. et al. Japan Kokai 75 99,962 (Aug. 8, 1975).
10. Gowman, L.P., Chemical Stability of Metal Silicates vs. Metal Hydroxides in Ground
Water Conditions. In Proc. 2nd National Conference on Complete Water Reuse.
(1975).

11. Falcone, J.S. Soluble Silicates . New York: Reinhold (1982).

12. Durham, R.L. and C.R. Henderson. U.S. Patent 4,460,292 (July 17, 1984).

13. Conner, J.R. and R.S. Reber. U.S. Patent 5,078,796 (Jan. 7, 1992).

14. O'Hara and Surgi. U.S. Patent 4,737,356 (April 12, 1988).

15. Pojasek, R.B. Toxic and Hazardous Waste Disposal. Vols. 1-4. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann

Arbor Science Publishers. (1980).

16. Spence, R.D., T.M. Gilliam, and A. Bleier. Cementitious Stabilization of Chromium,

Arsenic and Selenium in a Cooling Tower Sludge. Presented at the 88th Annual
Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, San Antonio, TX, June 18-23
(1995).