General Guidelines for S/S of Wastes - Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous, Radioactive, and Mixed Wastes - page 7

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General Guidelines for
S/S of Wastes

Caijun Shi and Roger Spence

CONTENTS

2.1 Regulatory Basis for Use of S/S...................................................................... 7
2.2 Scientific Basis of S/S ................................................................................... 10
2.3 Selection of S/S Technology.......................................................................... 11
2.4 Design of S/S Formulations........................................................................... 15
2.4.1 Compatibility Between Cement and Waste Materials....................... 15
2.4.2 Chemical Fixation of Contaminants .................................................. 16
2.4.3 Physical Encapsulation of Contaminated Waste and Soils ............... 17
2.4.4 Leachability of Contaminants from the Treated Waste or
Contaminated Materials ..................................................................... 17
2.4.5 Durability of the Treated Waste or Contaminated Materials ............ 17
2.4.6 Cost-Effectiveness .............................................................................. 19
2.5 Evaluation of S/S Formulations..................................................................... 20
2.6 Summary ........................................................................................................ 21
References................................................................................................................ 21

2.1 REGULATORY BASIS FOR USE OF S/S

The Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) of 1965 was primarily the first federal attempt
to manage municipal solid waste (Title 40 CFR Parts 240-257). Those regulations
were primarily directed at the management of municipal solid waste (Subtitle D
facilities) and established the initial framework for future solid and hazardous waste
management. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was passed in
1976 and established statutory requirements and the basis for the management of
“hazardous” wastes. This Act was actually an amendment to SWDA and imposed
requirements for tracking solid and hazardous wastes from generation through final
disposal (i.e., cradle-to-grave). The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
(HSWA) of 1984 amended RCRA and corrected some of its initial shortcomings.
Some important programs developed as a result of the HSWA amendments, including
(1) Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) program; (2) Underground Storage Tank
(UST) regulations; and (3) a switch in the testing of certain “toxic” wastes by the
Extraction Procedure to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).