Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
8
Stabilization/
Solidification Additives
Steve Hoeffner, Jesse Conner, and Roger Spence
CONTENTS
8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 178
8.2 Metal Stabilization ....................................................................................... 178
8.2.1 Ph Control and Buffering ................................................................ 178
8.2.2 Speciation/Precipitation/Re-Speciation............................................ 179
8.2.2.1 Sulfides, Sulfur, and Organo-Sulfur Compounds ............ 179
8.2.2.2 Soluble Silicates and Rice Hull Ash ................................ 180
8.2.2.3 Carbonates......................................................................... 181
8.2.2.4 Phosphates and Trisodium Phosphate .............................. 181
8.2.2.5 FeSO4 Co-Precipitation.................................................... 181
8.2.2.6 Other Inorganic Complexing Agents................................ 181
8.2.3 Oxidation/Reduction ........................................................................ 182
8.2.4 Sorption and Ion Exchange ............................................................. 184
8.2.4.1 Illite Clay .......................................................................... 185
8.2.4.2 Crystalline Silicotitanate................................................... 185
8.2.4.3 Clinoptilolite and Other Zeolites...................................... 185
8.2.4.4 Vermiculite and Other Sorbents ....................................... 186
8.3 Non-Metals and Organics ............................................................................ 188
8.4 Organic Stabilization.................................................................................... 188
8.5 Additives and Treatment Methods for OrganoMetallic and
Complexed Compounds ............................................................................... 189
8.6 Processing and Anti-Inhibition Aids............................................................ 190
8.6.1 Control Agents ................................................................................. 191
8.6.2 Retarders........................................................................................... 191
8.6.3 Water-Reducing Agents.................................................................... 191
8.6.4 Viscosity Control Agents ................................................................. 192
8.6.5 Additives that Increase Strength or Improve Other
Physical Properties ........................................................................... 192
8.7 Multitalented or Multipurpose Reagents ..................................................... 193
References.............................................................................................................. 194
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