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accurate gene expression will greatly enhance the likelihood of
success in stress experiments with viral vectors. The future
of research using viral vectors is promising. There are hundreds of
promoters that can be exploited to drive transgene expression in
specifi c neurons or circuits, and most recently, the introduction of
DREADDs that are activated by nonendogenous designer drugs
allow the use of vectors without the confounding issues of endog-
enous ligands. Viral technologies afford a fl exibility that will con-
tinue to inspire innovations in behavioral testing paradigms and the
exploding number and combination of cells and circuits that can be
studied are likely to yield answers to some of the most complex and
perplexing questions in neuroscience.
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